Fieldwork for Climate Change

Estimating the amount of carbon sequestrated in a woodland

We can estimate how much carbon is stored in trees. On average, carbon makes up 50% of a tree’s total mass. This means that if we can work out the mass of trees, we can work out how much carbon they are storing. If we also know how big a particular woodland is, we can work out how much carbon is sequestered in total in the trees in that wood.

Type of data	Primary data collection technique	Secondary data collection source
Carbon cycle in woodland	Estimating tree carbon content Estimating tree density through plotless sampling	Maps and aerial photographs Forest Research data
Carbon cycle in peatland	Measuring peat depth Measuring soil carbon content	Maps and aerial photographs

Carbon cycle in woodlands

1. Estimating tree carbon content

For each tree, you need to measure the circumference of the trunk and the height of the tree. You can use these fieldwork techniques to calculate the biomass of the tree and its carbon content, using the calculations described in the discussion section.

(a) Measuring the circumference of the tree

Use a tape measure to measure the circumference of the tree at 1.5m from the base.

If the tree trunk grows out of the ground at an angle, measure the circumference at right angles to the trunk at 1.5m along the centre of the trunk axis, so the height is the average of the shortest and the longest sides.

If the ground is sloping but the tree trunk is straight, measure the circumference at 1.5m along the centre of the trunk axis, so the height is the average of the shortest and the longest sides.

If the trunk splits less than 1.5m from the ground, measure the smallest circumference below the lowest branch.

(b) Measuring the height of the tree

You need a tape measure and clinometer for this method. Start next to the tree trunk and walk away until you can see the top of the tree. Use a clinometer to measure the angle of elevation from your eye to the top of the tree. use a tape measure to record the distance along the ground from the tree trunk to where you took the clinometer reading. Also record your own height. Make sure that all distance measurements are recorded in metres.

You can calculate the height of the tree as follows

\(\mathsf{Tree\;height = distance\;along\;ground\; \times\; tan\;(angle\;of\;elevation)\;+\;height\;of\;observer}\)

As a quick rule of thumb, remember that tan 45° = 1. If you can walk far enough away from the tree that the angle of elevation from your eye to the top of the tree is 45°, the height of the tree will be equal to the distance along the ground from the tree trunk to where you took the clinometer reading plus your own height.

Now calculate the biomass of the tree and its carbon content, using the calculations described in the discussion section.

2. Estimating tree density: plotless sampling

How many trees are there in an area of woodland? If they are planted in regular rows in a plantation it might be possible to count them, but for a natural woodland where the trees are randomly distributed this will not work. Quadrats cannot be used. Instead you will need to use plotless sampling.

Use random numbers to generate x and y co-ordinates.

(a) Nearest individual method

Measure the distance from the x,y co-ordinates to the nearest tree.

Calculate the mean distance.

\(\mathsf{Density\;of\;trees} = \frac{1}{(2 \bar D)^2}\)

where \(\bar D\) is the mean distance.

(b) Point-centred quarter method

Measure the distance from the x,y co-ordinates to the nearest individuals in each quadrant.

Calculate the mean distance

\(\mathsf{Density\;of\;trees} = \frac{1}{(\bar D)^2}\)

where \(\bar D\) is the mean distance.

Repeat the method until you have sampled enough trees (50 is a minimum).

Carbon cycle in peatland

3. Measuring peat depth

Peat depth is measured by pushing a narrow rod into the ground. When the rod Specialist peat probes are available commercially, or you can make your own. The depth to which the rod sinks indicates the local peat depth.

Choose a location which is representative of the surrounding area. Vegetation can raise the ground surface above the actual level of the peat. Make sure that you take enough depth readings.

4. Measuring soil carbon content

Soil carbon content can be measured by taking soil samples, drying them in an oven, reweighing, then burning off the organic content in a soil furnace.

Take a sample of soil from the study area. Find the mass of the fresh soil sample. Dry it thoroughly in an oven, taking care not to put the temperature so high that organic matter is burnt (aim for 105°C if possible). You can tell when the soil is completely dry by weighing it, returning it to the oven for 10 minutes and weighing it again, then repeating until there is no change. Using a pestle and mortar, crush the soil until it is a powder.

Place approx 5g of dried soil from each sample into a crucible. Heat in a muffle furnace for 4 hours. Calculate the difference between mass before burning and mass after burning. This difference is the organic content. Carbon content can be estimated as making up 50% of the organic content.

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